Verox Staking - Smart Contract Audit Report

Summary

QRX Lottery Audit Report The Verox intends to build an artificial intelligence investment manager for defi and crypto. The platform will partner with top crypto players to establish investment vehicles augmented by AI. The application is still in development.

We have previously analyzed Verox's token smart contract here. For this audit, we reviewed the project's Staking contract deployed at 0x744612bd6c29301a99ef2b19393eb95080926003.

Notes on the Contract:
  • Users can staking Verox tokens using the staking contract to earn rewards in Verox.
  • There is a 0.25% fee associated with depositing into the staking contract. These fees are sent to a wallet controlled by the team.
  • After staking users must wait at least 10 days until withdrawing their staked funds with rewards.

  • Users recieve rewards at the rate of 18% APY on tokens staked in the contract.
  • Users can call claimDivs() at any time to claim their rewards. Rewards are automatically claimed upon withdrawing as well.
  • Rewards must be sent by the team to the staking contract manually. The team has sent at least 1,000 tokens thus far.

  • The only owner-restricted function allowed the team to transfer any ERC20 token held by the contract, including users' staked funds. We issued a warning on this situation, which is now resolved.
  • We worked with the Verox team to transfer ownership of the staking contract to an Ownership Wrapper, developed by us and deployed at 0xa01c4ef07e523ef19d13c13f57bc67522bad0b87. This wrapper allows the team to still access the owner-restricted function, but prevents the team from transfering out tokens staked by users. Ownership cannot be transfered.
  • The contract utilizes SafeMath to prevent overflows.
Audit Findings Summary:
  • No security issues from outside attackers were identified.
  • Date: January 19th, 2021.


Vulnerability CategoryNotesResult
Arbitrary Storage WriteN/APASS
Arbitrary JumpN/APASS
Delegate Call to Untrusted ContractN/APASS
Dependence on Predictable VariablesN/APASS
Deprecated OpcodesN/APASS
Ether ThiefN/APASS
ExceptionsN/APASS
External CallsN/APASS
Integer Over/UnderflowN/APASS
Multiple SendsN/APASS
SuicideN/APASS
State Change External CallsN/APass
Unchecked RetvalN/APASS
User Supplied AssertionN/APASS
Critical Solidity CompilerN/APASS
Overall Contract Safety PASS

Smart Contract Graph

Contract Inheritance


 ($) = payable function
 # = non-constant function
 
 Int = Internal
 Ext = External
 Pub = Public
 
 + [Lib] SafeMath 
    - [Int] mul
    - [Int] div
    - [Int] sub
    - [Int] add

 + [Lib] EnumerableSet 
    - [Prv] _add #
    - [Prv] _remove #
    - [Prv] _contains
    - [Prv] _length
    - [Prv] _at
    - [Int] add #
    - [Int] remove #
    - [Int] contains
    - [Int] length
    - [Int] at
    - [Int] add #
    - [Int] remove #
    - [Int] contains
    - [Int] length
    - [Int] at

 +  Ownable 
    - [Pub]  #
    - [Pub] transferOwnership #
       - modifiers: onlyOwner

 + [Int] Token 
    - [Ext] transferFrom #
    - [Ext] transfer #

 +  VEROX_MAKER (Ownable)
    - [Prv] updateAccount #
    - [Pub] getPendingDivs
    - [Pub] getNumberOfHolders
    - [Pub] deposit #
    - [Pub] withdraw #
    - [Pub] claimDivs #
    - [Pub] getStakingAndDaoAmount
    - [Pub] transferAnyERC20Tokens #
       - modifiers: onlyOwner

							

Click here to download the source code as a .sol file.


/**
 *Submitted for verification at Etherscan.io on 2021-01-12
*/

pragma solidity 0.6.12;

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

/**
 * @title SafeMath
 * @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
 */
library SafeMath {
  function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a * b;
    assert(a == 0 || c / a == b);
    return c;
  }

  function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
    uint256 c = a / b;
    // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
    return c;
  }

  function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    assert(b <= a);
    return a - b;
  }

  function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
    uint256 c = a + b;
    assert(c >= a);
    return c;
  }
}

/**
 * @dev Library for managing
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)[sets] of primitive
 * types.
 *
 * Sets have the following properties:
 *
 * - Elements are added, removed, and checked for existence in constant time
 * (O(1)).
 * - Elements are enumerated in O(n). No guarantees are made on the ordering.
 *
 * ```
 * contract Example {
 *     // Add the library methods
 *     using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet;
 *
 *     // Declare a set state variable
 *     EnumerableSet.AddressSet private mySet;
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * As of v3.0.0, only sets of type `address` (`AddressSet`) and `uint256`
 * (`UintSet`) are supported.
 */
library EnumerableSet {
    // To implement this library for multiple types with as little code
    // repetition as possible, we write it in terms of a generic Set type with
    // bytes32 values.
    // The Set implementation uses private functions, and user-facing
    // implementations (such as AddressSet) are just wrappers around the
    // underlying Set.
    // This means that we can only create new EnumerableSets for types that fit
    // in bytes32.

    struct Set {
        // Storage of set values
        bytes32[] _values;

        // Position of the value in the `values` array, plus 1 because index 0
        // means a value is not in the set.
        mapping (bytes32 => uint256) _indexes;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function _add(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private returns (bool) {
        if (!_contains(set, value)) {
            set._values.push(value);
            // The value is stored at length-1, but we add 1 to all indexes
            // and use 0 as a sentinel value
            set._indexes[value] = set._values.length;
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function _remove(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private returns (bool) {
        // We read and store the value's index to prevent multiple reads from the same storage slot
        uint256 valueIndex = set._indexes[value];

        if (valueIndex != 0) { // Equivalent to contains(set, value)
            // To delete an element from the _values array in O(1), we swap the element to delete with the last one in
            // the array, and then remove the last element (sometimes called as 'swap and pop').
            // This modifies the order of the array, as noted in {at}.

            uint256 toDeleteIndex = valueIndex - 1;
            uint256 lastIndex = set._values.length - 1;

            // When the value to delete is the last one, the swap operation is unnecessary. However, since this occurs
            // so rarely, we still do the swap anyway to avoid the gas cost of adding an 'if' statement.

            bytes32 lastvalue = set._values[lastIndex];

            // Move the last value to the index where the value to delete is
            set._values[toDeleteIndex] = lastvalue;
            // Update the index for the moved value
            set._indexes[lastvalue] = toDeleteIndex + 1; // All indexes are 1-based

            // Delete the slot where the moved value was stored
            set._values.pop();

            // Delete the index for the deleted slot
            delete set._indexes[value];

            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function _contains(Set storage set, bytes32 value) private view returns (bool) {
        return set._indexes[value] != 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values on the set. O(1).
     */
    function _length(Set storage set) private view returns (uint256) {
        return set._values.length;
    }

   /**
    * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
    *
    * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
    * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
    *
    * Requirements:
    *
    * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
    */
    function _at(Set storage set, uint256 index) private view returns (bytes32) {
        require(set._values.length > index, "EnumerableSet: index out of bounds");
        return set._values[index];
    }

    // AddressSet

    struct AddressSet {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(AddressSet storage set, address value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, bytes32(uint256(value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values in the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(AddressSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

   /**
    * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
    *
    * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
    * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
    *
    * Requirements:
    *
    * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
    */
    function at(AddressSet storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (address) {
        return address(uint256(_at(set._inner, index)));
    }


    // UintSet

    struct UintSet {
        Set _inner;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Add a value to a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was added to the set, that is if it was not
     * already present.
     */
    function add(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _add(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes a value from a set. O(1).
     *
     * Returns true if the value was removed from the set, that is if it was
     * present.
     */
    function remove(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal returns (bool) {
        return _remove(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the value is in the set. O(1).
     */
    function contains(UintSet storage set, uint256 value) internal view returns (bool) {
        return _contains(set._inner, bytes32(value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of values on the set. O(1).
     */
    function length(UintSet storage set) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return _length(set._inner);
    }

   /**
    * @dev Returns the value stored at position `index` in the set. O(1).
    *
    * Note that there are no guarantees on the ordering of values inside the
    * array, and it may change when more values are added or removed.
    *
    * Requirements:
    *
    * - `index` must be strictly less than {length}.
    */
    function at(UintSet storage set, uint256 index) internal view returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(_at(set._inner, index));
    }
}

/**
 * @title Ownable
 * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
 * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
 */
contract Ownable {
  address public owner;


  event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);


  /**
   * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
   * account.
   */
  constructor() public {
    owner = msg.sender;
  }


  /**
   * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
   */
  modifier onlyOwner() {
    require(msg.sender == owner);
    _;
  }


  /**
   * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
   * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
   */
  function transferOwnership(address newOwner) onlyOwner public {
    require(newOwner != address(0));
    emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
    owner = newOwner;
  }
}


interface Token {
    function transferFrom(address, address, uint) external returns (bool);
    function transfer(address, uint) external returns (bool);
}

contract VEROX_MAKER is Ownable {
    using SafeMath for uint;
    using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet;
    
    event RewardsTransferred(address holder, uint amount);
    
    // VEROX token contract address
    address public constant tokenAddress = 0x87DE305311D5788e8da38D19bb427645b09CB4e5;
    
    // reward rate 18% per year
    uint public constant rewardRate = 1800;
    uint public constant rewardInterval = 365 days;
    
    // staking fee 0.25%
    uint public constant stakingFeeRate = 25;
    
    // unstaking fee 0.25%
    uint public constant unstakingFeeRate = 25;
    
    // unstaking possible after 10 days
    uint public constant cliffTime = 10 days;
    
    uint public totalClaimedRewards = 0;
    
    EnumerableSet.AddressSet private holders;
    
    mapping (address => uint) public depositedTokens;
    mapping (address => uint) public stakingTime;
    mapping (address => uint) public lastClaimedTime;
    mapping (address => uint) public totalEarnedTokens;
    
    function updateAccount(address account) private {
        uint pendingDivs = getPendingDivs(account);
        if (pendingDivs > 0) {
            require(Token(tokenAddress).transfer(account, pendingDivs), "Could not transfer tokens.");
            totalEarnedTokens[account] = totalEarnedTokens[account].add(pendingDivs);
            totalClaimedRewards = totalClaimedRewards.add(pendingDivs);
            emit RewardsTransferred(account, pendingDivs);
        }
        lastClaimedTime[account] = now;
    }
    
    function getPendingDivs(address _holder) public view returns (uint) {
        if (!holders.contains(_holder)) return 0;
        if (depositedTokens[_holder] == 0) return 0;

        uint timeDiff = now.sub(lastClaimedTime[_holder]);
        uint stakedAmount = depositedTokens[_holder];
        
        uint pendingDivs = stakedAmount
                            .mul(rewardRate)
                            .mul(timeDiff)
                            .div(rewardInterval)
                            .div(1e4);
            
        return pendingDivs;
    }
    
    function getNumberOfHolders() public view returns (uint) {
        return holders.length();
    }
    
    
    function deposit(uint amountToStake) public {
        require(amountToStake > 0, "Cannot deposit 0 Tokens");
        require(Token(tokenAddress).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amountToStake), "Insufficient Token Allowance");
        
        updateAccount(msg.sender);
        
        uint fee = amountToStake.mul(stakingFeeRate).div(1e4);
        uint amountAfterFee = amountToStake.sub(fee);
        require(Token(tokenAddress).transfer(owner, fee), "Could not transfer deposit fee.");
        
        depositedTokens[msg.sender] = depositedTokens[msg.sender].add(amountAfterFee);
        
        if (!holders.contains(msg.sender)) {
            holders.add(msg.sender);
            stakingTime[msg.sender] = now;
        }
    }
    
    function withdraw(uint amountToWithdraw) public {
        require(depositedTokens[msg.sender] >= amountToWithdraw, "Invalid amount to withdraw");
        
        require(now.sub(stakingTime[msg.sender]) > cliffTime, "You recently staked, please wait before withdrawing.");
        
        updateAccount(msg.sender);
        
        require(Token(tokenAddress).transfer(msg.sender, amountToWithdraw), "Could not transfer tokens.");
        
        depositedTokens[msg.sender] = depositedTokens[msg.sender].sub(amountToWithdraw);
        
        if (holders.contains(msg.sender) && depositedTokens[msg.sender] == 0) {
            holders.remove(msg.sender);
        }
    }
    
    function claimDivs() public {
        updateAccount(msg.sender);
    }
    
    
    uint private constant stakingAndDaoTokens = 13200e18;
    
    function getStakingAndDaoAmount() public view returns (uint) {
        if (totalClaimedRewards >= stakingAndDaoTokens) {
            return 0;
        }
        uint remaining = stakingAndDaoTokens.sub(totalClaimedRewards);
        return remaining;
    }
    
    // function to allow admin to claim *any* ERC20 tokens sent to this contract
    function transferAnyERC20Tokens(address _tokenAddr, address _to, uint _amount) public onlyOwner {
        if (_tokenAddr == tokenAddress) {
            totalClaimedRewards = totalClaimedRewards.add(_amount);
        }
        Token(_tokenAddr).transfer(_to, _amount);
    }
}



Function Graph:
Smart Contract Graph



Inheritance Chart:
Contract Inheritance


Functions Overview

 ($) = payable function
 # = non-constant function
 
 Int = Internal
 Ext = External
 Pub = Public
 
 + [Int] AnyToken 
    - [Ext] transferFrom #
    - [Ext] transfer #

 + [Int] IVEROX_MAKER 
    - [Ext] transferAnyERC20Tokens #

 +  VeroxOwnershipWrapper 
    - [Pub]  #
    - [Pub] transferOwnership #
    - [Pub] transferAnyTokensFromMaker #
    - [Pub] transferAnyTokensFromThis #
							


Source Code:
Click here to download the source code as a .sol file.


/**
 *Submitted for verification at Etherscan.io on 2021-01-18
*/

//SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface AnyToken {
    function transferFrom(address, address, uint) external returns (bool);
    function transfer(address, uint) external returns (bool);
}

interface IVEROX_MAKER {
    function transferAnyERC20Tokens(address _tokenAddr, address _to, uint _amount) external;
}

contract VeroxOwnershipWrapper {
    
    address public owner;
    AnyToken public veroxToken = AnyToken(0x87DE305311D5788e8da38D19bb427645b09CB4e5);
    IVEROX_MAKER public maker = IVEROX_MAKER(0x744612Bd6c29301A99eF2b19393eB95080926003);
    
    event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
    
  constructor() {
    owner = msg.sender;
  }
  
  function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public {
    require(newOwner != address(0));
    emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
    owner = newOwner;
  }
  
    function transferAnyTokensFromMaker(address _tokenAddr, address _to, uint _amount) public {
        require(msg.sender == owner);
        require(_tokenAddr != address(veroxToken), "Not allowed for Verox token");
        maker.transferAnyERC20Tokens(_tokenAddr, _to, _amount);
    }

    // function to allow admin to claim *any* ERC20 tokens sent to this contract
    function transferAnyTokensFromThis(address _tokenAddr, address _to, uint _amount) public {
        require(msg.sender == owner);
        AnyToken(_tokenAddr).transfer(_to, _amount);
    }
}